Spine surgery represents one of the most technically demanding and rapidly evolving fields in modern orthopedic and neurosurgical practice. At Arthoscenter in Patna, Bihar, Dr. Gurudeo Kumar brings over 20 years of specialized expertise in complex spine surgery, having successfully treated more than 2,000 patients with conditions ranging from simple disc herniations to complex spinal deformities, tumors, infections, and trauma. Our comprehensive spine surgery program delivers world-class care using the latest minimally invasive techniques, advanced navigation systems, and state-of-the-art implant technology while maintaining affordable costs accessible to patients throughout Bihar and surrounding states. The human spine is a remarkable structure consisting of 33 vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral, 4 fused coccygeal) interconnected by intervertebral discs, facet joints, ligaments, and muscles that provide stability, flexibility, and protection for the delicate spinal cord and nerve roots. When disease, degeneration, or injury compromises these structures, patients may experience debilitating back pain, neck pain, radiating leg or arm pain (radiculopathy), numbness, tingling, weakness, difficulty walking, loss of bowel or bladder control (cauda equina syndrome), and progressive neurological decline that severely impacts quality of life and functional independence. Spine surgery is considered when conservative treatments including medications (NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, neuropathic pain medications, oral or epidural steroids), physical therapy, chiropractic care, acupuncture, interventional procedures (epidural steroid injections, facet blocks, radiofrequency ablation), activity modification, and lifestyle changes fail to provide adequate relief after a reasonable trial period (typically 6-12 weeks for most conditions, though emergency surgery is indicated for cauda equina syndrome, progressive weakness, or spinal cord compression with myelopathy). Modern spine surgery encompasses a wide range of procedures from minimally invasive decompressions performed through tiny incisions with endoscopic or microscopic assistance to complex multi-level fusions requiring extensive bone grafting and instrumentation. Dr. Kumar specializes in evidence-based surgical techniques including microdiscectomy for herniated discs, laminectomy/laminoplasty for spinal stenosis, spinal fusion for instability or deformity, artificial disc replacement for select patients, minimally invasive approaches that reduce tissue trauma, computer-assisted navigation for precision implant placement, and revision surgery for failed previous procedures. Success rates for spine surgery vary by procedure and indication but are generally excellent when appropriate patient selection criteria are met. Microdiscectomy for lumbar disc herniation provides 80-90% excellent to good outcomes with significant leg pain relief, though some degree of back pain may persist. Decompression for spinal stenosis relieves leg symptoms in 75-85% of patients, with walking tolerance improving substantially. Spinal fusion for appropriate indications (spondylolisthesis, degenerative disc disease with instability, deformity) provides solid fusion in 85-95% of cases with significant pain reduction and functional improvement, though recovery is more prolonged than decompression alone. At Arthoscenter, our spine surgery program emphasizes comprehensive pre-operative evaluation including detailed history and physical examination, complete imaging studies (X-rays including flexion-extension views to assess stability, MRI to evaluate disc and neural structures, CT scans for bone detail and surgical planning), electrodiagnostic studies (EMG/NCS) when indicated to localize nerve compression, laboratory tests, and medical optimization. We believe in shared decision-making with extensive patient education about diagnosis, treatment options, expected outcomes, potential risks and complications, recovery timeline, and post-operative precautions. Our surgical technique prioritizes preservation of normal anatomy when possible, minimal tissue disruption through muscle-sparing approaches, thorough decompression of neural elements, stable fixation when fusion is performed, and meticulous wound closure to minimize infection risk. We utilize latest generation spinal implants including titanium pedicle screw systems, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) interbody cages, expandable cages for minimally invasive procedures, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) or autograft bone for fusion, and advanced technologies like intraoperative neuromonitoring to enhance safety. Post-operative care includes early mobilization (typically out of bed and walking post-operative day 1), multimodal pain management combining regional blocks, IV medications, and oral analgesics to minimize opioid use, physical therapy beginning in hospital, brace wear when indicated (typically 6-12 weeks for fusions), gradual return to activities with specific restrictions (no bending, lifting >5-10 lbs, twisting for 6 weeks minimum), structured outpatient rehabilitation programs, and close follow-up with X-rays to monitor healing and fusion progress.